As a result, the Imperial Japanese Navy was established in July 1869. Both humiliated and alarmed, the Japanese leaders set about an extraordinary crash program of industrialization and modernization of national capability and standing, of which the creation and construction of a modern navy was a major part. In 1854, Japan was forced to open trade by the American expedition under Commodore Matthew Perry this was one of the primary catalysts of the restoration. This included the flotillas of various boats and early steam vessels they had at their disposal. When the Shogun era ended and the Meiji restoration re-established the emperor and imperial house to primary position, it was necessary for the various factions of samurai and rival houses such as the Satsuma and Choshu to come together. Since 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy has been termed Japan Maritime Self Defense Force, which is often abbreviated to SDF by the Japanese and JMSDF by Westerners. The Japanese Navy, more completely termed the Imperial Japanese Navy (Nihon Kaigun), designates the navy of Japan from the Meiji era to the end of World War II (1868–1945).
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